
John Dalton
Another of those thoughts that come while reading Scientific American on the throne. Why is it that sitting on the throne is so productive?
This time, it is an article on vitamin D. It turns out that D goes through a number of transformations and affects a wide variety of organs and health issues. One remarkable thing about it is how much we know about it and how it works. On cellular and molecular levels. Modern biology and chemistry is really something.
The thought, though, (two interesting words) came from how did all of this ability to know about these things get started.
One start was John Dalton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton), the discoverer of the atom. Published it in “Experimental Essays” in 1802. Dalton had trouble convincing anyone of his concepts, however. Dalton's work was supported by Amadeo Avogadro (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro) in an 1811 essay. The concept of atoms was not widely accepted, however, until a conference in Karsluhe, Germany, in 1860. Avogadro is also given credit for the concept of molecules. In the early 1900's there were still prominent scientists who doubted atomic theory. Wilhem Ostwald, chemistry Nobel Prize winner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro) and Max Planck, founder of the quantum theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck) among them
In 1910, a Japanese scientist, Umetaro Suzuki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetaro_Suzuki), discovered vitamins.
Although Robert Hooke (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke) first noticed cells in 1665, the concept is credited to Matthias Schleiden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden) and Theodor Schwann (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Schwann) in 1839.
And now all of this has come together, discoveries and scientists building on each other, 100 years of it.
This molecule, Vitamin D, is produced in the skin by sunlight, goes through a number of transformations, and is used to cure ricketts in the bones, tuberculosis in the lungs, cancer, immune disorders, kidney disease, numerous problems. And we know all of this! At molecular and cellular levels! Some of the studies were done in mice bred to either produce or not produce the vitamin or having genes with human components inserted.
Dalton, Avogadro, the others would marvel at what they had wrought. And it is marvelous.